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#!/usr/bin/env python
# Copyright 2024 Google, Inc.
#
# Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
# you may not use this file except in compliance with the License.
# You may obtain a copy of the License at
#
# http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0
#
# Unless required by applicable law or agreed to in writing, software
# distributed under the License is distributed on an "AS IS" BASIS,
# WITHOUT WARRANTIES OR CONDITIONS OF ANY KIND, either express or implied.
# See the License for the specific language governing permissions and
# limitations under the License.
"""This application demonstrates how to do basic operations using Cloud
Spanner.
For more information, see the README.rst under /spanner.
"""
import time
from google.cloud import spanner
from google.iam.v1 import policy_pb2
from google.type import expr_pb2
OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS = 240
def add_and_drop_database_roles(instance_id, database_id):
"""Showcases how to manage a user defined database role."""
# [START spanner_add_and_drop_database_role]
# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
role_parent = "new_parent"
role_child = "new_child"
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"CREATE ROLE {}".format(role_parent),
"GRANT SELECT ON TABLE Singers TO ROLE {}".format(role_parent),
"CREATE ROLE {}".format(role_child),
"GRANT ROLE {} TO ROLE {}".format(role_parent, role_child),
]
)
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Created roles {} and {} and granted privileges".format(role_parent, role_child)
)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"REVOKE ROLE {} FROM ROLE {}".format(role_parent, role_child),
"DROP ROLE {}".format(role_child),
]
)
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Revoked privileges and dropped role {}".format(role_child))
# [END spanner_add_and_drop_database_role]
# [START spanner_add_column]
def add_column(instance_id, database_id):
"""Adds a new column to the Albums table in the example database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
["ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN MarketingBudget INT64"]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Added the MarketingBudget column.")
# [END spanner_add_column]
# [START spanner_add_json_column]
def add_json_column(instance_id, database_id):
"""Adds a new JSON column to the Venues table in the example database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(["ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN VenueDetails JSON"])
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
'Altered table "Venues" on database {} on instance {}.'.format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_add_json_column]
# [START spanner_add_numeric_column]
def add_numeric_column(instance_id, database_id):
"""Adds a new NUMERIC column to the Venues table in the example database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(["ALTER TABLE Venues ADD COLUMN Revenue NUMERIC"])
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
'Altered table "Venues" on database {} on instance {}.'.format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_add_numeric_column]
# [START spanner_add_timestamp_column]
def add_timestamp_column(instance_id, database_id):
"""Adds a new TIMESTAMP column to the Albums table in the example database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"ALTER TABLE Albums ADD COLUMN LastUpdateTime TIMESTAMP "
"OPTIONS(allow_commit_timestamp=true)"
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
'Altered table "Albums" on database {} on instance {}.'.format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_add_timestamp_column]
# [START spanner_alter_sequence]
def alter_sequence(instance_id, database_id):
"""Alters the Sequence and insert data"""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"ALTER SEQUENCE Seq SET OPTIONS (skip_range_min = 1000, skip_range_max = 5000000)"
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Altered Seq sequence to skip an inclusive range between 1000 and 5000000 on database {} on instance {}".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
def insert_customers(transaction):
results = transaction.execute_sql(
"INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName) VALUES "
"('Lea'), "
"('Cataline'), "
"('Smith') "
"THEN RETURN CustomerId"
)
for result in results:
print("Inserted customer record with Customer Id: {}".format(*result))
print(
"Number of customer records inserted is {}".format(
results.stats.row_count_exact
)
)
database.run_in_transaction(insert_customers)
# [END spanner_alter_sequence]
# [START spanner_alter_table_with_foreign_key_delete_cascade]
def alter_table_with_foreign_key_delete_cascade(instance_id, database_id):
"""Alters a table with foreign key delete cascade action"""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"""ALTER TABLE ShoppingCarts
ADD CONSTRAINT FKShoppingCartsCustomerName
FOREIGN KEY (CustomerName)
REFERENCES Customers(CustomerName)
ON DELETE CASCADE"""
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"""Altered ShoppingCarts table with FKShoppingCartsCustomerName
foreign key constraint on database {} on instance {}""".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_alter_table_with_foreign_key_delete_cascade]
# [START spanner_create_database]
def create_database(instance_id, database_id):
"""Creates a database and tables for sample data."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(
database_id,
ddl_statements=[
"""CREATE TABLE Singers (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
FirstName STRING(1024),
LastName STRING(1024),
SingerInfo BYTES(MAX),
FullName STRING(2048) AS (
ARRAY_TO_STRING([FirstName, LastName], " ")
) STORED
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId)""",
"""CREATE TABLE Albums (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
AlbumId INT64 NOT NULL,
AlbumTitle STRING(MAX)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, AlbumId),
INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE""",
],
)
operation = database.create()
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Created database {} on instance {}".format(database_id, instance_id))
# [END spanner_create_database]
# [START spanner_create_database_with_default_leader]
def create_database_with_default_leader(instance_id, database_id, default_leader):
"""Creates a database with tables with a default leader."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(
database_id,
ddl_statements=[
"""CREATE TABLE Singers (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
FirstName STRING(1024),
LastName STRING(1024),
SingerInfo BYTES(MAX)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId)""",
"""CREATE TABLE Albums (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
AlbumId INT64 NOT NULL,
AlbumTitle STRING(MAX)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, AlbumId),
INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE""",
"ALTER DATABASE {}"
" SET OPTIONS (default_leader = '{}')".format(database_id, default_leader),
],
)
operation = database.create()
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
database.reload()
print(
"Database {} created with default leader {}".format(
database.name, database.default_leader
)
)
# [END spanner_create_database_with_default_leader]
# [START spanner_create_database_with_encryption_key]
def create_database_with_encryption_key(instance_id, database_id, kms_key_name):
"""Creates a database with tables using a Customer Managed Encryption Key (CMEK)."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(
database_id,
ddl_statements=[
"""CREATE TABLE Singers (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
FirstName STRING(1024),
LastName STRING(1024),
SingerInfo BYTES(MAX)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId)""",
"""CREATE TABLE Albums (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
AlbumId INT64 NOT NULL,
AlbumTitle STRING(MAX)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, AlbumId),
INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE""",
],
encryption_config={"kms_key_name": kms_key_name},
)
operation = database.create()
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Database {} created with encryption key {}".format(
database.name, database.encryption_config.kms_key_name
)
)
# [END spanner_create_database_with_encryption_key]
# [START spanner_create_index]
def add_index(instance_id, database_id):
"""Adds a simple index to the example database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
["CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle ON Albums(AlbumTitle)"]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Added the AlbumsByAlbumTitle index.")
# [END spanner_create_index]
# [START spanner_create_instance]
def create_instance(instance_id):
"""Creates an instance."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
config_name = "{}/instanceConfigs/regional-us-central1".format(
spanner_client.project_name
)
instance = spanner_client.instance(
instance_id,
configuration_name=config_name,
display_name="This is a display name.",
node_count=1,
labels={
"cloud_spanner_samples": "true",
"sample_name": "snippets-create_instance-explicit",
"created": str(int(time.time())),
},
)
operation = instance.create()
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Created instance {}".format(instance_id))
# [END spanner_create_instance]
# [START spanner_create_instance_with_processing_units]
def create_instance_with_processing_units(instance_id, processing_units):
"""Creates an instance."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
config_name = "{}/instanceConfigs/regional-us-central1".format(
spanner_client.project_name
)
instance = spanner_client.instance(
instance_id,
configuration_name=config_name,
display_name="This is a display name.",
processing_units=processing_units,
labels={
"cloud_spanner_samples": "true",
"sample_name": "snippets-create_instance_with_processing_units",
"created": str(int(time.time())),
},
)
operation = instance.create()
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Created instance {} with {} processing units".format(
instance_id, instance.processing_units
)
)
# [END spanner_create_instance_with_processing_units]
# [START spanner_create_sequence]
def create_sequence(instance_id, database_id):
"""Creates the Sequence and insert data"""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"CREATE SEQUENCE Seq OPTIONS (sequence_kind = 'bit_reversed_positive')",
"""CREATE TABLE Customers (
CustomerId INT64 DEFAULT (GET_NEXT_SEQUENCE_VALUE(Sequence Seq)),
CustomerName STRING(1024)
) PRIMARY KEY (CustomerId)""",
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Created Seq sequence and Customers table, where the key column CustomerId uses the sequence as a default value on database {} on instance {}".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
def insert_customers(transaction):
results = transaction.execute_sql(
"INSERT INTO Customers (CustomerName) VALUES "
"('Alice'), "
"('David'), "
"('Marc') "
"THEN RETURN CustomerId"
)
for result in results:
print("Inserted customer record with Customer Id: {}".format(*result))
print(
"Number of customer records inserted is {}".format(
results.stats.row_count_exact
)
)
database.run_in_transaction(insert_customers)
# [END spanner_create_sequence]
# [START spanner_create_storing_index]
def add_storing_index(instance_id, database_id):
"""Adds an storing index to the example database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"CREATE INDEX AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 ON Albums(AlbumTitle)"
"STORING (MarketingBudget)"
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Added the AlbumsByAlbumTitle2 index.")
# [END spanner_create_storing_index]
def create_table_with_datatypes(instance_id, database_id):
"""Creates a table with supported datatypes."""
# [START spanner_create_table_with_datatypes]
# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"""CREATE TABLE Venues (
VenueId INT64 NOT NULL,
VenueName STRING(100),
VenueInfo BYTES(MAX),
Capacity INT64,
AvailableDates ARRAY<DATE>,
LastContactDate DATE,
OutdoorVenue BOOL,
PopularityScore FLOAT64,
LastUpdateTime TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
OPTIONS(allow_commit_timestamp=true)
) PRIMARY KEY (VenueId)"""
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Created Venues table on database {} on instance {}".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_create_table_with_datatypes]
# [START spanner_create_table_with_foreign_key_delete_cascade]
def create_table_with_foreign_key_delete_cascade(instance_id, database_id):
"""Creates a table with foreign key delete cascade action"""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"""CREATE TABLE Customers (
CustomerId INT64 NOT NULL,
CustomerName STRING(62) NOT NULL,
) PRIMARY KEY (CustomerId)
""",
"""
CREATE TABLE ShoppingCarts (
CartId INT64 NOT NULL,
CustomerId INT64 NOT NULL,
CustomerName STRING(62) NOT NULL,
CONSTRAINT FKShoppingCartsCustomerId FOREIGN KEY (CustomerId)
REFERENCES Customers (CustomerId) ON DELETE CASCADE
) PRIMARY KEY (CartId)
""",
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"""Created Customers and ShoppingCarts table with FKShoppingCartsCustomerId
foreign key constraint on database {} on instance {}""".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_create_table_with_foreign_key_delete_cascade]
# [START spanner_create_table_with_timestamp_column]
def create_table_with_timestamp(instance_id, database_id):
"""Creates a table with a COMMIT_TIMESTAMP column."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"""CREATE TABLE Performances (
SingerId INT64 NOT NULL,
VenueId INT64 NOT NULL,
EventDate Date,
Revenue INT64,
LastUpdateTime TIMESTAMP NOT NULL
OPTIONS(allow_commit_timestamp=true)
) PRIMARY KEY (SingerId, VenueId, EventDate),
INTERLEAVE IN PARENT Singers ON DELETE CASCADE"""
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Created Performances table on database {} on instance {}".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_create_table_with_timestamp_column]
# [START spanner_drop_foreign_key_constraint_delete_cascade]
def drop_foreign_key_constraint_delete_cascade(instance_id, database_id):
"""Alter table to drop foreign key delete cascade action"""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"""ALTER TABLE ShoppingCarts
DROP CONSTRAINT FKShoppingCartsCustomerName"""
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"""Altered ShoppingCarts table to drop FKShoppingCartsCustomerName
foreign key constraint on database {} on instance {}""".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_drop_foreign_key_constraint_delete_cascade]
# [START spanner_drop_sequence]
def drop_sequence(instance_id, database_id):
"""Drops the Sequence"""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"ALTER TABLE Customers ALTER COLUMN CustomerId DROP DEFAULT",
"DROP SEQUENCE Seq",
]
)
print("Waiting for operation to complete...")
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print(
"Altered Customers table to drop DEFAULT from CustomerId column and dropped the Seq sequence on database {} on instance {}".format(
database_id, instance_id
)
)
# [END spanner_drop_sequence]
def enable_fine_grained_access(
instance_id,
database_id,
database_role="new_parent",
title="condition title",
):
"""Showcases how to enable fine grained access control."""
# [START spanner_enable_fine_grained_access]
# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
# iam_member = "user:[email protected]"
# database_role = "new_parent"
# title = "condition title"
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
# The policy in the response from getDatabaseIAMPolicy might use the policy version
# that you specified, or it might use a lower policy version. For example, if you
# specify version 3, but the policy has no conditional role bindings, the response
# uses version 1. Valid values are 0, 1, and 3.
policy = database.get_iam_policy(3)
if policy.version < 3:
policy.version = 3
new_binding = policy_pb2.Binding(
role="roles/spanner.fineGrainedAccessUser",
members=[iam_member],
condition=expr_pb2.Expr(
title=title,
expression=f'resource.name.endsWith("/databaseRoles/{database_role}")',
),
)
policy.version = 3
policy.bindings.append(new_binding)
database.set_iam_policy(policy)
new_policy = database.get_iam_policy(3)
print(
f"Enabled fine-grained access in IAM. New policy has version {new_policy.version}"
)
# [END spanner_enable_fine_grained_access]
def list_database_roles(instance_id, database_id):
"""Showcases how to list Database Roles."""
# [START spanner_list_database_roles]
# instance_id = "your-spanner-instance"
# database_id = "your-spanner-db-id"
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
# List database roles.
print("Database Roles are:")
for role in database.list_database_roles():
print(role.name.split("/")[-1])
# [END spanner_list_database_roles]
# [START spanner_list_databases]
def list_databases(instance_id):
"""Lists databases and their leader options."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
databases = list(instance.list_databases())
for database in databases:
print(
"Database {} has default leader {}".format(
database.name, database.default_leader
)
)
# [END spanner_list_databases]
# [START spanner_list_instance_configs]
def list_instance_config():
"""Lists the available instance configurations."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
configs = spanner_client.list_instance_configs()
for config in configs:
print(
"Available leader options for instance config {}: {}".format(
config.name, config.leader_options
)
)
# [END spanner_list_instance_configs]
# [START spanner_update_database]
def update_database(instance_id, database_id):
"""Updates the drop protection setting for a database."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
db = instance.database(database_id)
db.enable_drop_protection = True
operation = db.update(["enable_drop_protection"])
print("Waiting for update operation for {} to complete...".format(db.name))
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
print("Updated database {}.".format(db.name))
# [END spanner_update_database]
# [START spanner_update_database_with_default_leader]
def update_database_with_default_leader(instance_id, database_id, default_leader):
"""Updates a database with tables with a default leader."""
spanner_client = spanner.Client()
instance = spanner_client.instance(instance_id)
database = instance.database(database_id)
operation = database.update_ddl(
[
"ALTER DATABASE {}"
" SET OPTIONS (default_leader = '{}')".format(database_id, default_leader)
]
)
operation.result(OPERATION_TIMEOUT_SECONDS)
database.reload()
print(
"Database {} updated with default leader {}".format(
database.name, database.default_leader
)
)
# [END spanner_update_database_with_default_leader]